Black coal equivalent

Black coal equivalent (BCE) is an export coal product derived from the Coldry Process, a patented coal upgrading technology operated by Environmental Clean Technologies Limited, in Victoria, Australia. The Coldry Process is applied to brown coal (lignite) with a typical moisture content of 60 per cent by weight and transforms the coal into a densified coal product of equal or better calorific value (5,800 kcal/kg) to typical export quality black coal, with less ash and sulfur content. Black coal equivalent derived from brown coal is ostensibly a 'cleaner' burning coal fuel than most black coals.

Overview

Densified coal as a black coal equivalent product derived from brown coal was first discovered by R. B. Johns and colleagues at the Organic Chemistry laboratory at Melbourne University following observations made at the Maddingley Mine near Bacchus Marsh, Victoria. Johns and colleagues identified that a process of low-mechanical shear applied to brown coal mixed with a small amount of moisture would trigger a natural exothermic reaction process within the coal, leading to the expulsion of its moisture content.^[1] The process fundamentally alters micro chemical bonds within the coal, naturally reducing moisture content to around 11 per cent; boosting calorific value to around 5800 kcal/kg; and creating a ‘densified coal’ product that is hydrophobic, no longer prone to spontaneous combustion, and readily transportable.

Characteristics

The performance characteristics of black coal equivalent densified coal derived from brown coal is benchmarked^[2] against the comparative burning properties of black coal mined and exported from mining regions in Tarong, Queensland and Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Black coal sourced from Tarong and Newcastle constitute the bulk of black coal currently exported by Australia. Black coal equivalent has become an attractive option to coal importers from countries with no or few reserves of domestic black coal.

Chemical composition

Name	C Carbon %	H Hydrogen %	N Nitrogen %	O Oxygen %	S Sulfur %
QLD Black Coal (Export) Tarong	52	2.59	0.74	11	0.25
NSW Black Coal (Export) Newcastle	48.9	3.29	1.19	10.1	0.81
Black coal equivalent Densified Brown Coal (Coldry )	59	4.24	0.46	21	0.85

Comparison of calorific values

Name	Moisture %	Volatiles %	Fixed Carbon %	Ash %	Sulfur %	Net Weight Specific Energy
Queensland Black Coal (Export) Tarong	15.5% adb	22.5% wb	44.1% wb	17.9% wb	0.42% wb	4800 kcal/kg adb 20.1 MJ/kg adb
NSW Black Coal (Export) Newcastle	3.3% adb	26.5% wb	46.0% wb	24.2% wb	0.42% wb	5681 kcal/kg adb 23.79 MJ/kg adb
Black coal equivalent Densified Brown Coal (Coldry)	12.0% adb	48.9% wb	49.1% wb	2.4% wb	0.3% wb	5874 kcal/kg adb 24.6 Mj/kg adb
Percent by weight

adb = as dry basis. ar = as received. db = dry basis. wb = wet basis.

References

^ Johns, R.B., Chaffee, A.L., and Verheyen, T.V. International Conference Coal Science, Düsseldorf 1981
^ CSIRO: Review data Australian coals 2009

External links

[1] Johns, R.B., Chaffee, A.L., and Verheyen, T.V. International Conference Coal Science, Düsseldorf 1981

[2] CSIRO: Review data Australian coals 2009

[1]

[2]

v t Coal
Coal types by grade (lowest to highest)	Xylit Peat¹ Lignite Sub-bituminous coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite¹
Coal combustion	Ash pond Asian brown cloud Asthma Black coal equivalent Char Charcoal Coal combustion products fired power station gas phase-out pollution mitigation power in China power in the United States preparation plant seam fire tar Coke Coking Energy value Flue gas Fly ash Fossil fuel Fossil fuel phase-out Great Smog of London Greenhouse gas emissions Metallurgical coal NOx Smog Sulfur dioxide Toxic heavy metals
Coal mining	Blackdamp Black lung disease Coal dust Coalfields Coal gas homogenization liquefaction mining disasters in the United States mining region refuse slurry town Environmental issues in Appalachia Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia Firedamp Health and environmental impact of the coal industry Health effects of coal ash History of coal mining Hydrogen sulfide Mining regions Outbursts Peak coal Problems in coal mining Refined coal Whitedamp
Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.