Eisengarn
Eisengarn, meaning "iron yarn" in English, is a light-reflecting, strong, waxed-cotton thread. It was invented and manufactured in Germany in the mid-19th century, but owes its modern renown[1] to its use in cloth woven for the tubular-steel chairs designed by Marcel Breuer while he was a teacher at the Bauhaus design school.
The yarn is also known as Glanzgarn ('gloss' or 'glazed' yarn).[2]
Manufacture
Despite the name, there is no iron in Eisengarn. The name refers to its strength and metallic shine. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch and paraffin wax solution. The threads are dried and then stretched and polished by steel rollers and brushes. The end result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing.[3][4]
History
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The Eisengarn manufacturing process was invented in the mid-19th century in a factory in Barmen, now part of the city of Wuppertal, east of the river Rhine.[3]
It was used as a sewing thread and for making lace, shoe laces, hat strings, ribbons, lining materials and in the cable industry.[3]
The manufacture of the yarn gave a considerable boost to the textile industry of Barmen and the surrounding region. By 1875, the Wuppertal company Barthels & Feldhoff employed more than 300 people in Eisengarn production.[3]
In 1927 the weaver and textile designer Margaretha Reichardt (1907–1984), then a student at the Bauhaus design school, experimented and improved the quality of the thread and developed cloth and strapping material made from Eisengarn for use on Marcel Breuer's tubular steel chairs, such as the Wassily Chair.[1][5] According to the Bauhaus Kooperation, the material "owes its renown" to this use.[1]
Light-weight tubular steel seating was also used in aircraft seating in the 1930s and Reichardt's improved version of Eisengarn was used as a covering for the seats.[6][7]
A more prosaic use for the strong Eisengarn was, and still is, for making colourful string shopping bags, which were popular in the former East Germany, and are now an Ostalgie item.[8] When the bag is not in use, the nature of the Eisengarn enables it to be compressed so that it takes up very little space.[9]
References
- ^ a b c "Margaretha Reichardt". Bauhaus 100. Bauhaus Kooperation. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14.
- ^ "Eisengarn – Eine Material Geschichte". Zeitlos Berlin. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Industriegeschichte aus dem Bergischen Land". Wuppertal-Solingen-Remscheid. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14.
- ^ "Eisengarnfabrikation in Barmen". WDR Dig-it (in German). Retrieved 2024-11-11.
- ^ Kreis Weimarer Land/Angermuseum Erfurt (2009). Margaretha Reichardt 1907-1984 Textilkunst. [Kreis Weimarer Land/Angermuseum Erfurt]:[Erfurt], p19
- ^ Stutterheim, Kerstin; Bolbrinker, Niels. (1998/2009) Bauhaus Modell und Mythos. Documentary film (English and German soundtracks). Cindeoxx / Bolbrinker & Stutterheim. (available as a DVD, produced by AbsolutMedien GmbH)
- ^ Fiedler, Jeannine and Feierabend, Peter (1999) Bauhaus. Cologne, Germany: Könemann. ISBN 3895086002
- ^ Wiebrecht V., Skuppin, R. (2005) in Tagesspiegel. Aus der Mode, aus dem Sinn Das Einkaufsnetz. Retrieved 4 December 2016
- ^ Klassik Lust. Eine wiederentdeckte Waren-Transportmöglichkeit (in German, with photo). Archived 2016-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 November 2016
External links
- The B5 Chair | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
- Vitra Design Museum. B35 Chair Marcel Breuer
- WDR digit project. Eisengarnfabrikation in Barmen. (Video - 16 min). In German, but video shows eisengarn manufacturing process.
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