El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve

El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve
IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)
A pelican on the coast of the El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve
Location in Mexico
Location	Baja California Sur, Mexico
Nearest city	Mulegé Municipality
Coordinates	27°47′32″N 114°13′40″W / 27.79222°N 114.22778°W / 27.79222; -114.22778
Area	55,555 km2 (21,450 sq mi)
Established	1988
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
Type	Natural
Criteria	x
Designated	1993 (17th session)
Reference no.	554
Region	Latin America and the Caribbean

The El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve, created in 1988,^[1] is located in Mulegé Municipality in northern Baja California Sur, at the center of the Baja California Peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California. With an area of over 24,930 km² (9,630 sq mi)),^[2] it is the largest wildlife refuge in Mexico and borders the northern edge of the Valle de los Cirios Protected Area of Flora and Fauna.

Native groups first inhabited this region over eleven thousand years ago. They may have been nomads who came overland from the north of the American continent, or they may have been marine-oriented groups using boats to follow the coastline. At the dawn of the historic period, their successors were the Cochimi, foragers who exploited the natural resources of the coast, the inland plains, and the Sierra de San Francisco. Travelers trekking into this mountainous region can still see the natives' cave art. Spanish explorers arrived in the area in the 16th century. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo was the first explorer to navigate the coastlines, whereas Sebastián Vizcaíno explored inland, in what is now the biosphere reserve in 1596 on behalf of Gaspar de Zúñiga, viceroy of New Spain.^[3]

Animals that have adapted to these extreme conditions include a variety of nocturnals such as coyotes, rodents, and hares; others have adapted to only ingesting water from succulents. Outstanding among the mammals is the Baja California pronghorn (an endemic subspecies of the pronghorn); the last populations of this subspecies can be found in the region. The Vizcaíno is also the habitat of the desert bighorn sheep, mule deer, and dozens of resident and migratory birds. Of special importance: the ospreys, cormorants, herons, and gulls—and four species of sea turtles. On the coastline and islets there are many marine mammals, such as northern elephant seals, California sea lions, dolphins, and gray whales.

• Cetacean Habitat.org: El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve — with map.
• UNESCO: Whale Sanctuary, El Vizcaino World Heritage Site
• UNESCO World Heritage Sites: El Vizcaíno Whale Sanctuary information
• Explore the Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture