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List of defunct hard disk manufacturers

Main article: History of hard disk drives § Manufacturing history
Diagram of consolidation

At least 218 companies have manufactured hard disk drives (HDDs) since 1956. Most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. None of the first several entrants (including IBM, who invented the HDD) continue in the industry today. Only three manufacturers have survived—Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD)—all of which grew at least in part through mergers and acquisitions.[1]

Manufacturers

The following is a partial list of defunct hard disk manufacturers. There are currently 119 manufacturers in this incomplete list.

Name Country of origin Year of market entry Year of market exit Fate Notes References
3M United States 1981 1983 HDD assets sold to Disc Tech One [2]
Alps Electric Japan ? 2008 HDD assets sold to TDK [3]
Amcodyne United States 1983 1986 Acquired by Century Data Systems [4][5]
Ampex United States 1970 ? ? [6]
Anelex Corporation United States 1964 1967 Acquired by Mohawk Data Sciences [7][8]
Areal Technology United States 1987 1999 Acquired by Tomen Electronics and Sanyo in 1993, dissolved in 1998 Manufactured the first HDDs employing glass as the substrate for their platters [9]
Atasi United States 1982 1987 Acquired by Tandon [10][11]
Aura Associates United States 1992 ? ? [12]
Avatar Systems United States 1991 1998 Bankruptcy [13][14][15]
BASF Germany 1970 1982 HDD assets sold to Kennedy Company [16][17]
Brand Technologies United States 1986 ? ? [18]
Bryant Computer Products United States 1959 1972 Dissolution Renamed to XLO Computer Products in 1972 [19]
Bull Peripheral United States 1984 1989 Acquired by Seagate Technology American subsidiary of CII-Honeywell-Bull [20]
Burroughs United States 1964 ? ? [21]
C. Itoh Japan 1985 ? ? [22]
Castlewood Systems United States 1999 2004 Bankruptcy
Caelus Memories United States 1967 1969 Acquired by Electronic Memories & Magnetics [23][24][25]
CalComp United States 1972 1979 HDD assets sold to Xerox [26]
Calluna Technology Scotland 1992 2001 Dissolution [27][28]
Cardiff Peripherals United States 1987 ? ? [29]
Century Data Systems United States 1968 1972 Acquired by CalComp in 1972; later sold to Xerox in 1979 [26]
CII-Honeywell-Bull France 1975 1989 HDD business acquired by Seagate Technology Resold drives through partnership with Magnetic Peripherals; CII-Honeywell-Bull was itself a joint venture between Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique, Honeywell, and Groupe Bull [30]
Cogito Systems United States 1983 1985 Dissolution [31][32]
Comport United States 1988 1991 Dissolution [33][34]
Computer Memories, Inc. United States 1979 1986 Exited the HDD business
Computer Memory Devices United States 1969 1971 Dissolution [35][36][37]
Conner Peripherals United States 1985 1996 Acquired by Seagate Technology
Cornice United States 2000 2007 Dissolution [38][39]
Data Disc United States 1962 1977 Acquired by Datapoint [40][41]
Data General United States 1976 1989 ? [42][43]
Datapoint United States 1977 1984 HDD assets sold to Xebec Corporation [41][44]
Dataproducts United States 1962 ? Exited the HDD business
Data Recording Instrument United Kingdom 1970 1988 Acquired by FKI First company to manufacture HDDs in Europe [45][46][47]: 289 
Data-Tech Memories United States 1986 1989 Dissolution [48][49]: 133 
Diablo Systems United States 1969 1972 Acquired by Xerox [50]
Digital Equipment Corporation United States 1969 1993 Exited the HDD business [51]
Disc Tech One United States 1983 1984 Acquired by Life Tech Industries [52][53]
Disctron United States 1982 1983 Dissolution Spin-off of Computer & Communications Technology [54][55]
DMA Systems United States 1981 1985 Dissolution [56]
DZU AD Bulgaria 1968 1999 Dissolution Originally a state-owned entity, later converted to private company; HDD assets dispersed between 1997 and 1999 [47]: 289 [57]
Ecol. 2 United States 1990 1993 Dissolution Never produced any drives beyond prototypes [58]
Electronic Memories & Magnetics United States 1969 1985 Acquired by Titan Systems [59][25]
Emulex United States 1979 1992 HDD assets spun off as QLogic
Epson Japan 1985 1987 Left the HDD business [60][61]
Espert South Korea 1990 ? Dissolution [62]
ExcelStor Technology China 2000 2008 Dissolution
Fuji Electric Japan 1985 2011 Exited the HDD business [63][64]
Fujitsu Japan 1963 2009 HDD assets sold to Toshiba [65][66]
General Electric United States 1962 1970 HDD assets sold to Honeywell [67][68]
GS Magicstor China 2003 ? Dissolution [69]
Hewlett-Packard United States 1979 1996 Exited the HDD business Manufactured the first 1.3-inch HDDs [70][71]
HGST United States 2003 2018 Acquired by Western Digital Hitachi's HDD business after acquiring IBM's HDD assets
Hitachi United States 1967 2018 HDD assets sold to Western Digital [65]
Hokushin Electric Works Japan 1980 ? ? [47]: 289 [72]
Hyosung South Korea ? ? ? [49]: 138 
IBM United States 1956 2003 HDD assets sold to Hitachi Inventors of the HDD; HDD assets briefly spun off to AdStar between 1992 and 1995
Imprimis (CDC) United States 1975 1989 Acquired by Seagate Technology Joint venture between Control Data and CII-Honeywell-Bull; Internally known as Magnetic Peripherals, Inc
Information Storage Systems United States 1969 1973 Acquired by Itel Corporation; later sold to Sperry Univac [73][74][75]
Intégral Peripherals United States 1990 1998 Acquired by H&Q Asia Pacific Manufactured the first 1.8-inch HDDs [76][77]
International Memories United States 1977 1984 Merged with Onyx Systems to become Dorado Micro Systems, later Onyx-IMI; left the HDD business in 1984; HDD business sold to Fujhin Electronic Computer Co. in 1985 [78][79][80][81][82]
Iomec United States 1969 1975 Acquired by Data 100 [83][84]
Iomega United States 1995 2008 Acquired by EMC Corporation
ИЗОТ [ru] (English: ISOT) Bulgaria 1962 1991 Dissolution State-owned entity
Josephine County Technology United States 1984 1986 Dissolution [85][86][87]
JT Storage United States 1994 1999 Dissolution
JVC Japan 1986 ? ? [88]
Kalok United States 1987 1994 Acquired by JT Storage [89][90]
Kennedy United States 1977 1988 Dissolution [91][92]
Kyocera Japan 1984 1991 Exited the HDD business [93][94]
LaPine Technologies United States 1984 1987 Bankruptcy [95][96][97]
Librascope United States 1961 1968 Acquired by Singer Corporation [98]
Marshall Laboratories United States 1968 1969 Dissolution [99][100]
Matsushita Japan 1989 2000 ca. Exited the HDD business Originally as a licensee of Quantum [101]
Maxtor United States 1982 2006 Acquired by Seagate Technology
Memorex United States 1968 1981 Acquired by Burroughs Corporation; HDD assets later sold to Toshiba Manufactured the first HDD subsystems that were plug-compatible with IBM's
Microcomputer Memories United States 1983 1986 Bankruptcy [102][103]
Micropolis United States 1986 1996 HDD assets sold to Singapore Technology
Microscience International United States 1982 1993 Bankruptcy [104][105]
MiniScribe United States 1980 1990 Acquired by Maxtor
MiniStor Peripherals United States 1991 1995 Bankruptcy Manufactured the first PC Card HDDs [106][107]
Mitsubishi Japan 1968 2002 HDD assets sold to Showa Denko [65][108]
Mitsumi Electric Japan ? ? ?
NCR United States 1964 ? ? [109]
NEC Japan 1965 2002 Exited the HDD business [65][110]
Newbury Data United Kingdom 1984 1988 Acquired by FKI [111][112]
Nippon Electric Industry Japan 1983 ? ? [113]
Nippon Peripherals Japan 1971 1986 Dissolution [114][115][116]
Nomaï France 1992 1998 Acquired by Iomega
Ohio Scientific United States 1980 1980 Acquired by M/A-COM [117]
Okidata Japan 1973 1980 HDD business acquired by Ohio Scientific [118][119][120]
Olivetti OPE Italy 1981 ? Left the HDD business [121][122]
Orca Technology United States 1990 1992 Bankruptcy; HDD assets sold to Samsung Electronics in 1995 [123][124]
Otari Japan 1985 ? Exited the HDD business [125]
Pertec Computer United States 1971 1987 Acquired by Triumph-Adler [126][127]
Philips Netherlands ? ? ? [47]: 289 
Plus Development United States 1983 1993 Dissolution Inventors of the hardcard
Potter Instrument United States 1968 1975 Bankruptcy [128][129][130]
PrairieTek United States 1985 1991 Bankruptcy Manufactured the first 2.5-inch HDDs
Priam United States 1978 1991 HDD assets sold to Prima International
Peripheral Technology United States 1985 1990 Dissolution [131][132]
Quantum United States 1980 2000 HDD assets sold to Maxtor
Ricoh Japan 1985 ? Exited the HDD business [133]
Rodime Scotland 1979 1991 Exited the HDD business Manufactured the first 3.5-inch HDDs
Rotating Memory Systems United States 1981 1982 Acquired by Computer & Communications Technology [134][135]
SAGEM France ? ? Exited the HDD business
Samsung Electronics South Korea 1988 2011 HDD assets sold to Seagate Technology [136][137]
Sequel United States 1989 1991 Bankruptcy Spin-off of Memorex's HDD business after the latter was acquired by Unisys [138][139]
Shugart Associates United States 1979 1985 Acquired by Xerox in 1977; assets liquidated in 1985
Siemens Germany ? ? ? [47]: 289 
Storage Technology Corporation United States 1969 2005 Acquired by Sun Microsystems
SyQuest Technology United States 1982 1999 HDD assets sold to Iomega
Tandon United States 1981 1988 HDD assets sold to Western Digital [140][141]
TEAC Japan ? ? ?
Texas Instruments United States 1981 ? Exited the HDD business First company to second-source Seagate's ST-506, the first 5.25-inch HDD [142][143][144]
Tokico Japan ? ? ? [49]: 166 
Tulin United States 1982 1991 Dissolution [145][146]
Vertex Peripherals United States 1982 1985 Acquired by Priam Corporation [147][148]
Xebec United States 1974 ? ? Originally named Microcomputer Systems Corporation; 1410 SCSI controller formed the basis of IBM PC's hard disk controller [149][150]
YE-Data Japan ? 1995 Exited the HDD business [49]: 169–170 [151]

See also

References

General references
  • McKendrick, David (November 1997). "Sustaining Competitive Advantage in Global Industries: Technological Change and Foreign Assembly in the Hard Disk Drive Industry". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
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Further reading

  • Wong, Poh-Kam (July 1999). "The Dynamics of the HDD Industry Development in Singapore" (PDF). Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship, National University of Singapore: The Information Storage Industry Center, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California. Report 99–03. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
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