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Shemale

"She-Man" redirects here. For the films, see She-Man (film) and Sheman: Mistress of the Universe.

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Shemale (also spelled she-male; also she-man and he-she) is a term most commonly used in the pornography industry to describe trans women or other people with male genitalia and female secondary sex characteristics (including breasts) acquired via hormones or surgery.[1] Many people in the transgender community consider the term offensive and degrading.[1][2][3] Using the term shemale for a trans woman may imply that she is working in the sex trade.[3]

Academic use

The term has been used by some psychologists to refer to transgender women who have transitioned, but have never undergone genital surgery.[4][5][6]

Some biologists have used shemale to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles.[7][8][9][10] Joan Roughgarden, a biologist and Charles Darwin-critic, rejected use of the term in the reptile literature, as she says it is "degrading and has been borrowed from the porn industry."[11] She writes that gynomorphic male and andromorphic female are preferred in scientific literature, adding, "I hope future work on these animals is carried out with more professionalism."[12]

Other usage

Since the mid-19th century, the term she-male has been applied to "almost anyone who appears to have bridged gender lines", including effeminate men and lesbians.[13] In the early 19th century, she-male was used as a colloquialism in American literature for female, often pejoratively.[14] Davy Crockett is quoted as using the term in regard to a shooting match; when his opponent challenges Crockett to shoot near his opponent's wife, Crockett is reported to have replied: "'No, No, Mike,' sez I, 'Davy Crockett's hand would be sure to shake, if his iron pointed within a hundred miles of a shemale, and I give up beat...'"[15] It was used through the 1920s to describe a woman, usually a feminist or an intellectual.[16]

The term came to have a more negative connotation over time and been used to describe a "hateful woman" or "bitch."[17] Up through the mid-1970s, it was used to describe an assertive woman, "especially a disliked, distrusted woman; a bitch."[18]

The term later took on an implicit sexual overtone. In her 1990 book, From Masculine To Feminine And All points In Between, Jennifer Anne Stevens defined she-male as "usually a gay male who lives full-time as a woman; a gay transgenderist."[19] The Oxford English Dictionary defines she-male as "a passive male homosexual or transvestite."[20] It has been used as gay slang for faggot.[21]

Connotations

In 1979, Janice Raymond employed the term as a derogatory descriptor for trans women in her controversial book, The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male.[22] Raymond and other cultural feminists like Mary Daly argue that a "she-male" or "male-to-constructed female" is still male and constitutes a patriarchal attack by males upon the female essence.[23] This is often considered to be part of trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) ideology. In some cultures, shemale can also be used interchangeably with other terms referring to trans women.[24]

The term has since become a derogatory term applied to trans women.[13] Psychologists Dana Finnegan and Emily Mcnally write that the term "tends to have demeaning connotations."[25] French professor John Phillips writes that shemale is "a linguistic oxymoron that simultaneously reflects but, by its very impossibility, challenges [gender] binary thinking, collapsing the divide between the masculine and the feminine."[26] Trans author Leslie Feinberg writes, "'he-she' and 'she-male' describe the person's gender expression with the first pronoun and the birth sex with the second. The hyphenation signals a crisis of language and an apparent social contradiction, since sex and gender are 'supposed' to match."[27] Jack Halberstam, director of the Institute for Research on Women, Gender and Sexuality, describes she-male as "a degrading pornographic term".[28] The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation has said the term is a "dehumanizing slur"[29] and should not be used "except in a direct quote that reveals the bias of the person quoted."[30]

Willow Arune wrote, "Using the term she-male for a transsexual woman would be considered highly offensive, for it implies that she is working 'in the [sex] trade.' It may be considered libelous."[3] Melissa Hope Ditmore, of the Trafficked Persons Rights Project, says the term "is an invention of the sex industry, and most transwomen find the term abhorrent."[31] Biologist and transgender activist Julia Serano states that it remains "derogatory or sensationalistic."[32] According to sex columnist Regina Lynn, "Porn marketers use 'she-male' for a very specific purpose — to sell porn to straight guys without triggering their homophobia — that has nothing to do with actual transgendered people (or helping men overcome their homophobia, either)."[33]

Some have adopted the term as a self-descriptor, often in the context of sex work.[5][13][34] Gender non-conforming author Kate Bornstein wrote that a friend who self-identified as "she-male" described herself as "tits, big hair, lots of make-up, and a dick."[35] Pornographic actress Wendy Williams stated, "I don't think tranny and she-male are slurs. They were words initially used so the laymen person could understand the products they were buying in porn. There are more issues we have to worry about: suicide, the homeless rate, getting an education and finding jobs as trans women."[1] According to sex columnist Sasha, "The term shemale is used in [the pornography] setting to denote a fetishized sexual persona and is not typically used by transgendered women outside of sex work. Many transgendered women are offended by this categorization and call themselves T-girls or trans."[36]

In addition to its use in pornography, the term has been used as a punch line or for rhetorical effect. Flora Finch starred in The She-Male Sleuth,[37] a 1920 film comedy. As part of the 42nd Street Art Project in 1994, designer Adelle Lutz turned a former shop in Times Square called American Male into "American She-Male", with brightly colored mannequins and clothes made of condoms.[38] The 2004 Arrested Development episode "Sad Sack" had a gag where Maeby tricks Lindsay into wearing a shirt that says "Shémale", in order to convince a suitor Lindsay is transgender. Film critic Manohla Dargis has written about the lack of "real women" in summer blockbusters, claiming Judd Apatow comedies feature men who act more like leading ladies: "These aren't the she-males you find in the back pages of The Village Voice, mind you. The Apatow men hit the screen anatomically intact: they’re emasculated but not castrated, as the repeated images of the flopping genitals in Forgetting Sarah Marshall remind you."[39]

The word came under extreme criticism when it was used during episode four of RuPaul's Drag Race season 6. Logo TV, the show's broadcast station, released a statement on April 14, 2014, saying: "We wanted to thank the community for sharing their concerns around a recent segment and the use of the term 'she-mail' on Drag Race. Logo has pulled the episode from all of our platforms and that challenge will not appear again. Furthermore, we are removing the 'You've got she-mail' intro from new episodes of the series. We did not intend to cause any offense, but in retrospect we realize that it was insensitive. We sincerely apologize."[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Herman, Barbara (29 July 2015). "Transgender Porn Is A Best-Seller, But Is It Good For Trans People?". International Business Times. Archived from the original on Apr 4, 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  2. ^ Ignatavicius, Donna J.; Workman, M. Linda (2016) [1991]. Blair, Meg; Rebar, Cherie; Winkelman, Chris (eds.). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care (8 ed.). St. Louis (MO): Elsevier. p. 1520. ISBN 9781455772551.
  3. ^ a b c Arune W. (2006). Transgender images in the media. In Laura Castañeda Laura and Shannon B. Campbell (Eds.), News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity, p. 127. SAGE, ISBN 978-1-4129-0999-0
  4. ^ Blanchard, R.; Collins, P. I. (1993). "Men with sexual interest in transvestites, transsexuals, and she males". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 181 (9): 570–575. doi:10.1097/00005053-199309000-00008. PMID 8245926. S2CID 37059616.
  5. ^ a b Dixon, D., & Dixon, J. (1998). She-male prostitutes: Who are they, what do they do, and why do they do it. In J. Elias, V. Bullough, V. Elias, & G. Brewer (Eds.), Prostitution: On whores, hustlers, and johns (pp. 260-266). New York: Prometheus.
  6. ^ Olsson, S.-E.; Möller, A. (2006). "Regret after sex reassignment surgery in a male-to-female transsexual: A long-term follow-up". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (4): 501–506. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9040-8. PMID 16900416. S2CID 23425058.
  7. ^ Shine, R.; Phillips, B.; Waye, H.; LeMaster, M.; Mason, R. T. (2001). "Benefits of female mimicry in snakes: She-male garter snakes exploit the amorous attentions of other males to warm up". Nature. 414 (6861): 267. doi:10.1038/35104687. PMID 11713516. S2CID 205023381.
  8. ^ Mason, R. T.; Crew, D. (1985). "Female mimicry in garter snakes". Nature. 316 (6023): 59–60. Bibcode:1985Natur.316...59M. doi:10.1038/316059a0. PMID 4010782. S2CID 4342463.
  9. ^ Rubenstein, D. I. (1985). "Animal behaviour: The serpent's seductive scent". Nature. 316 (6023): 18–19. Bibcode:1985Natur.316...18R. doi:10.1038/316018a0. S2CID 4321637.
  10. ^ Moore, M. C., & Lindsey, J. (1992). The physiological basis of sexual behavior in male reptiles. In C. Gans and D. Crews, Hormones, brain and behavior: Biology of the reptilia, vol. 13, physiology E, pp. 70-113.
  11. ^ Flam, Faye (2008).The Score: How the Quest for Sex Has Shaped the Modern Man. Avery, ISBN 978-1-58333-312-9
  12. ^ Roughgarden, Joan (2005). Evolution's rainbow: diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people. University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-24679-9
  13. ^ a b c Herbst, Philip H. (2001). Wimmin, Wimps & Wallflowers: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Gender and Sexual orientation Bias in The United States. Intercultural Press. pp. 252–3. ISBN 1-877864-80-3. Retrieved 2007-10-25. shemale empowerment.
  14. ^ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Joan Houston Hall (2002). Dictionary of American Regional English. Harvard University Press. p. 901. ISBN 9780674008847. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  15. ^ Boorstin, Daniel J. (1965). "Part Seven: "Search for Symbols"". The Americans, vol. 2 The National Experience. N.Y.: Vintage. p. 335f. ISBN 0-394-70358-8.
  16. ^ Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1.
  17. ^ Spears, Richard A (1991). A Dictionary of Slang and Euphemism. Signet, ISBN 0-451-16554-3
  18. ^ Wentworth, Harold and Stuart Berg Flexner (1975). Dictionary of American Slang. Crowell, ISBN 978-0-690-00670-4
  19. ^ Stevens, Jennifer Anne (1990). From Masculine To Feminine And All points In Between. Cambridge, MA: Different Path Press. ISBN 0-9626262-0-1.
  20. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press, USA. 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.
  21. ^ Aman, Reinhold (1982). Maledicta, Volume 6, Issue 1, p. 144.
  22. ^ Raymond, J. (1994). The Transsexual Empire. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. ISBN 0-8077-6272-5.
  23. ^ Daly, Mary (1985). Beyond God the Father: toward a philosophy of women's liberation. Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-1503-2
  24. ^ "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7)" (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-24.
  25. ^ Finnegan D, McNally E (2002). Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Substance Abusers: Dual Identities. Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7890-0403-1
  26. ^ Sigel, Lisa Z.; John Phillips (2005). "Walking on The Wild Side: Shemale Internet Pornography". International Exposure: Perspectives on Modern European Pornography, 1800-2000. Rutgers University Press. pp. 254–271. ISBN 0-8135-3519-0. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  27. ^ Feinberg, Leslie (1997). Transgender Warriors. Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-7941-6
  28. ^ Halberstam, Jack (2018). Trans*: A Quick and Quirky Account of Gender Variability. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0520292680.
  29. ^ Staff report (October 05, 2007). GLAAD Condemns "Dehumanizing" Page Six New York Post Column. Archived 2013-01-17 at archive.today The Advocate
  30. ^ GLAAD GLAAD Media Reference Guide: Defamatory Language. Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-32968-5
  32. ^ Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. Seal press, ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5, p. 175.
  33. ^ Lynn, Regina (March 16, 2007). "When Words Fail, So Do We". Wired. Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  34. ^ Carmichael, Amy (June 8, 2002). Rare 'shemales' seek respect and understanding. The Toronto Star
  35. ^ Bornstein, Kate (1994). Gender outlaw: on men, women, and the rest of us. Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-90897-9
  36. ^ Sasha (October 9, 2008). "Green sex toys". Montreal Mirror.
  37. ^ Lowe, Denise (2005). An encyclopedic dictionary of women in early American films, 1895–1930. Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7890-1843-4.
  38. ^ Sagalyn, Lynne B. (2003). Times Square Roulette: Remaking the City Icon. MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-69295-3.
  39. ^ Dargis, Manohla (May 4, 2008). Is There a Real Woman in This Multiplex?. New York Times.
  40. ^ Nichols, James (14 April 2014). "'RuPaul's Drag Race' To Refrain From Using 'Transphobic Slur' In Wake Of Controversy". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
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